This study provides a useful application of computational modelling to examine how people with chronic pain learn under uncertainty, contributing to efforts to link pain with motivational processes.

Stochastic volatility is the unpredictable nature of asset price volatility over time. It's a flexible alternative to the Black Scholes' constant volatility assumption.

Abstract: This paper describes a method for calculating energy losses in any system element assuming that the transmitted energy across it is known. The method identifies two components of losses: ...