Abstract: The controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method is an important geophysical tool for sensing and studying subsurface conductivity structures. Advanced forward modeling techniques are ...

Abstract: The development of spectral analysis methods is very rapid, but these methods rarely take into account the difference of feature extraction under strong and weak random noise. In this ...

Karst wetlands, with their distinctive calcium-rich soils and dynamic hydrology, face growing ecological challenges due to biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. Accurate ...

Out-of-bag (OOB) importance analysis was applied to extract feature variables. The nonlinear model random forest (RF) outperforms the linear model for soil water content retrieval. The coupled OOB and ...