This rapidly evolving field extends classical discrete calculus by introducing non-integer, or fractional, orders of difference operators. Such an approach is particularly well suited to modelling ...

Difference equations, as discrete analogues of differential equations, form a fundamental mathematical framework for describing systems that evolve incrementally over time or space. Coupled with ...

We survey many old and new results on solutions of the following pair of adjoint differential-difference equations: \begin{align*} \tag{1} up'(u) = - ap(u) - bp(u - 1 ...

In many biological and physical systems, feedback mechanisms depend on a set of thresholds associated with the state variables. Each feedback has a characteristic time scale. We suggest that ...