Joel is an internationally recognized expert in the areas of security, networking and messaging. Follow him on X (formerly Twitter) @joelsnyder. Building enterprise networks with routers and switches ...

The future of blockchain is here. While Layer 1 (L1) blockchains like Ethereum and Bitcoin are grappling with decentralization and scalability, and Layer 2 (L2) rollups bring much-needed speed and ...

Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency that has captured global attention, conceals a multifaceted framework called the Bitcoin Protocol Stack beneath its digital facade. In this enlightening article, ...

A Bitcoin developer by the name of Burak recently unveiled Ark, a Layer 2 protocol designed to enable fast and secure transactions. According to a post on the Bitcoin dev mailing list, Ark offers an ...

What is a network protocol? Most textbook writers state something like this: A network protocol is a set of guidelines or standards for the operation of network devices, the methods of operation, and ...

For more than 20 years we have been using Layer 3 connectivity powered by dynamic routing protocols to route traffic between data centers, but adoption of virtualization and geo-clustering ...

Ethereum competitors make inroads into DeFi as the total value locked and on-chain protocols continue to rise for these layer-1s. Layer-1 (L1) protocols are the foundation of the decentralized ...

A new computer model that describes the evolution of the Internet's architecture suggests that a process similar to natural evolution took place to determine which protocols survived and which ones ...

Blockchain technology is a peer-to-peer digital ledger technology that relies on a network of computing devices or nodes to process transactions involving an asset, store the resultant data and ...

In the natural world, species that share the same ecosystem often compete for resources, resulting in the extinction of weaker competitors. A new computer model that describes the evolution of the ...